The molecular phylogeographical investigations on the European members of Aretia by amplified fragment length polymorphism markers revealed a strong genetic divergence between the Italian and the Montenegrin populations. The study led to the establishment of a new species called A. komovensis sp. nov., which morphologically resembles A. mathildae Levier from the Abruzzo mountains , but differs in the persistent, dense and regular indumentums of the leaf margin. Furthermore, molecular phylogenetic data indicate that A. komovensis is not closely related to A. mathildae Levier, but instead it is a sister species to the Eastern Alpine endemic A. hausmanni Leyb..We invested great effort in a comprehensive study about this Primulacea in order to describe its morphological and ecological characteristics. A number of experiments to obtain callus induction and neomorphogenesis were conducted to identify suitable procedures for in vitro preservation of A. mathildae. This in vitro material will be useful in cryopreservation and improvement of restocking activity.More than half of the vascular plant flora may become endangered by the year 2080 as a result of climatic changes. The Red List evaluations represent the first unfavourable trends in the threat status of plant species , as it is in our study case. As specified in Secretariat of the CBD 2002, the success of conservation must be based on a solid knowledge to understand the value of plant diversity. Our study aimed at deepening the morphological analysis of the plant. SEM observation of Androsace, performed in our work for the first time, allows us to describe the structural characteristics of a high altitude plant species. The pollen grain is oblate-spheroidal, the exine is foveolated without echine suggesting that pollination might be ambophily by insects and wind.
The androceo consists of five stamens, connate with the corolla tube, and as many carpels welded consisted the ovary, which is overcome and unilocular. The tests we carried out with the TTC on the collected seeds indicate that pollination is successful because the seeds are vital showing mitochondrial respiration. The tracts of humic acids. This condition in nature is replicated from the decomposition of the lower leaves of A. mathildae which welcome the seeds fallen from the plant’s floral mature peduncolate capsule. Androsace mathildae can be found in the cracks of limestone at an altitude above 2500 m, with a little substrate, hydroponic fodder system therefore the success of germination is due to the presence of organic material consisting of the same basal rosette decomposition. On the aerial portion of the plant we identified Pyrenophora bromi, never reported at these altitudes, as an agent of leaf decomposition. The results obtained by in vitro treatments show that the highest percentage of sprouted seeds was obtained on media with NAA and BAP pre-treated with a solution containing humic extracts. Callus induction was obtained from cotyledons of in vitro germinated seeds on a medium containing 0.5 mg∙l−1 6-benzylaminopurine and0.25 mg∙l−1 α-naphthalene acetic acid. The frequency of calli formation is about 93%, they presented a colour tending to green, solid mass, excellent growth and strong neomorphogenesis response.Positive results were obtained in culture media containing 0.5 mg∙l−1 BAP and 0.25 mg∙l−1 NAA; we obtained an extremely high frequency in callus, buds and shoots formation.Water is also a key element of the Persian Garden and at least three conceptual, functional and aesthetic aspects are present in the garden. These aspects can easily be followed in topics such as the presence of water in garden and its movement and cycle, water supplies and garden irrigation. In most cases, aqueducts or fountains were the main sources of water supply for gardens and in many cases, the water and its management and division which were done precisely in past, determined the area of garden. How to irrigate the gardens, which is in direct contact with the shape and type of land in Persian Garden, is important and of course due to the water shortage in most parts of Iran as well as the sanctity and respect for water in the past and Iranian great interest in the use of water in gardens, has caused them to move water in various ways in the garden and add on its beauty and elegance. Plants in Persian Garden, besides the genus and species, are very impressive in terms of location, planting design, beauty and usefulness and even play a role in the protection of garden against destructive natural factors.
For a long time, human beings are always trying to meet their needs through exchange of information, visually, auditory and written and for realization of dialogue between human beings, which prerequisite is the existence of common subject and language, the principle of mutual understanding should be considered . So, classifying articles to different types makes each person find his own audience. In a classification, reports are included in two social and professional categories which the first is the inclusion of reasoning and critical forms and the latter covers research and review. Thus, this paper is in expert and review area. In fact, each system of search includes general structure and partial techniques. There should be coherence and continuity among all of those areas. With this interpretation, the research methodology is qualitative-descriptive.Persian Garden is the oldest and most important gardens in the world. Persian garden is mostly indicative of psychological needs and less measurable with water requirements. Since ancient times, it was an essential part of Iranian life and its architecture and contributed in the presence of large temples and their symbolic strength. Since Sumerians, gardens surrounded the temple and the royal palace. Life in Iran is dependent on water and the water is in fact the main factor of life. Iranians have drawn a tree with running water which is the most favorable views in a dry land. After water, trees play the most important role in the formation of Persian Garden. Ancient Iranians believed in a sacred angel called Aororoza that hurting the plants would made her upset and angry. Much earlier than other nations, Iranian found that creating gardens is the basis for agriculture and achieved the best practices of building gardens since ancient times. In the Islamic era, huge gardens surrounded the palace, and were considered as part of its architecture, so that the garden covered all main aspects of the building symmetrically. The area was divided into rectangular pieces that small streams passed through them. The gardens were built according to the Iranian predecessors and from the first centuries AD, Iranian-style garden goes beyond borders and widens its scope over time. The garden building method in the eastern countries were inspired by Iranian garden building, in Islam, planting trees was good and unnecessary cut them was considered reprehensible and there are many verses and narrations in this case.In Iranian garden, special attention is paid to geometric shapes and square which shows the distance between the components simple and clear, was of great importance.
At the time of planting a tree, the first step is precise in determining the distance from each side and thus forming squares that looking from each side, rows of trees could be seen. Therefore, the general pattern of most Persian gardens consisted of a rectangular space which is quartered by intersecting streams and pathways. The common irrigation system of the time has been known as another effective factor in the formation of geometric garden structure besides the impact of Persian beliefs and morals. This is in addition to directing the flow of water and avoid wasting it, results in rise of the exact order of how planting trees. So, aeroponic tower garden system outer boundary of the garden, water flow paths, fountains’ location, terracing, the planting system of trees and plants, the location of the palace and garden buildings, have been determined based on precise geometrical structure. Beginning to water from inside the palace to garden and its extension in space seems that one feels the main route of water passed through the pavilion. Sound of water in garden space was done by fountains, small waterfalls and ripple marks.Building gardens have a long history in our country and have been considered in all eras, especially the Islamic period. Gardens had several performances in general and in some eras, public gardens were constructed for travel and leisure time of residents. During the Islamic period, creation of gardens and woodlands was also of interest for inhabitants of this old land. In addition to large and magnificent gardens out of the cities, phenomenon of building gardens in and around cities has been special for this land for centuries. In Islam, tree planting is good and its unnecessary cutting is reprehensible, and there are various traditions in this case. On the other hand, due to climatic differences in various regions of Iran, especially in tropical regions, garden is particularly important. These two issues and other issues caused the tree to be respected as a plant and vital factor by the people. In fact, the Iranian culture doesn’t separate man from nature, but sees him along with evolution of natural elements to discover the signs of God.In the gardens, or in other words, discipline is the elements of natural, manmade and put together and how the use of natural elements, and select characteristics of their discipline, how to take advantage of them, and their relation with everyday life of people, play a central role.In this way, other elements may be used in the creation of the gardens, which are minor elements or component parts, and the effects of the main elements of garden .
Water is a world used in speaking always and everywhere and if someone asks us to define, we say it is a colorless liquid which is the source of life, but is it really the definition of water in architecture and only in terms of the physical aspect, it is an interface between man and architecture? Or like the two hides something within itself to be beyond their origin and material? To answer this question, we first examine the human psyche and then the architectural spirit and then we examine the water hidden side and the way it affects humans and architecture, so by contemplating in them, the question can also be answered. Water in the art has a high status and is remembered as a symbol of life, purity, joy and light and is of great importance in rituals of grief and joy. Different states of water create different feelings of the inhabitants of the planet and everyone according to his age takes his own psychological advantage. Arts from the water are apart from the thoughts and beliefs of Iranians. Understanding the concept of water in architecture or water architecture, depends on understanding of water physical laws, our feelings to interactions of water, and most importantly, the role, allegory and communication with human life. Water symbolizes all things that exist potentially. Interpretations and meanings in relation to water somewhat has a close bond with its inherent meaning and its vital role. Water is the messenger of light and purity and is of great value. In addition that water moves people beyond, but also wherever it appears, it reflects the architects’ perception of nature. Water makes human sees the nature around and feels it by simulating the visual, auditory and tactile powers and understands the concept of place precisely with composition and the conflicts with the nature.Water is the most important and critical element which forms garden because birth and life of garden will be meaningless without its presence. After water, plants play the most important role and their flow is rooted in water. Shape and presence, movement and flow of water in the garden have a special system coordinated with geometry and its architectural structure. Water has always no identical state, and every time, it finds a new look. Change of seasons and hours in every moment makes water in a different color. While character of water particles is involved in determining its color. Water is the source of all the sounds and each is the creator of a different feeling in man’s heart . Inspired by nature, man enters these different musical rhythms of water into the architectural space of his life and made it the music of his soul. The music not only caused spirit gratification but also was used as treatment.