The management of today’s complex water supply and demand systems rely on assessment models combining climatic, social, economic, and environmental factors. A model was developed using the concept of risk by identifying hazards, exposure, and vulnerability. Te vulnerability was classified into two domains, i.e., sensitivity and adaptive capacity, and two spheres, natural/built environment and human environment. A geographical information system modeling and satellite data were developed for water management in agricultural areas by modulating the irrigation water demand based on several vegetation indices. Te water allocation rules were evaluated among water user groups considering environmental, economic, and social criteria involving agricultural water user groups across France. Transferring of irrigation management was defined as the complete or partial transfer of responsibility for management and investment in irrigation systems from government institutions to water users and non-governmental organizations. A combination of the Adaptation Pathways approach was used with the Soil and Water Assessment Tool to assess the actions under different climate conditions. Conjunctive management requires a strong institutional capacity, which can be achieved through regional planning,raspberry container based on a sound understanding of the interactions between surface water and groundwater. Sustainability in basins with existing irrigation and drainage networks requires a strategic planning according to sustainable development principles.
Strategic planning refers to an organizational infrastructure that prioritizes plans and maximizes potential opportunities and benefits. Sustainable development achieves present economic, environmental and social needs while fulfilling the needs of future generations. The lack of strategic vision with respect to sustainability practices and goals was discussed. A SWOT analysis consists of well-structured strategic planning to assess the status of a system by evaluating its strengths , weaknesses , opportunities , and threats. A review of works based on SWOT analysis was reported. A strategic approach was applied to water management in Africa with SWOT. Strategic planning approaches were analyzed in Austrian food-risk management by identifying background conditions to facilitate scaling and replication of catchment regional planning tools in food-prone areas. A raster-based regional conservation action planning tool was developed for prioritizing local and regional scale conservation actions in heterogeneous landscapes. A stochastic method was developed to determine the water availability in agricultural lands that resulted from drought management plans. A regional optimization model of crop water consumption using cellular automation , crop suitability , and a regional distributed crop water use model was applied to improve irrigation benefits in the context of regional water management. A study was reported to determine deficiencies in irrigation networks and remediation measures . Multi-criteria decision making is a branch of operations research that provides methods for choosing among alternatives ranked by multiple criteria. The Analytic Hierarchy Process is a widely used decision-making tool in various multi-criteria decision-making problems. The AHP, is an approach that uses ratio comparisons among attributes and alternatives.
A method of scaling ratios using the principal eigenvector of a positive pairwise comparison matrix was proposed. This work defines and measures the consistency of the pairwise comparison matrix by an expression involving the average of the non-principal eigenvalues. The literature on methods and applications of Multiple Attribute Decision Making has been reviewed and classified systematically. A review of the TOPSIS method for decision making was presented. A new step‐wise weight assessment ratio analysis was introduced to determine the criteria weights in decision making problems. The weights of the criteria were calculated using the integrated Stepwise Weight Assessment Ratio Analysis -SWARA-TODIM multi-criteria decision-making method. The weighting methods in decision making process including the DEMATEL and BWM was applied to achieve the importance of supplier criteria in a combined manner. The fuzzy set in the form of a class of objects was introduced with a continuum of grades of membership. The fuzzy extension of the AHP method was introduced. Fuzzy TOPSIS method was applied for decision-making process. The model integrating SWARA and Additive Ratio Assessment methods was introduced under uncertainty. A new decision-making approach was developed by measuring attractiveness through a categorical-based evaluation technique and a new combinative distance-based evaluation method in a supplier selection problem during the COVID-19 pandemic. The Level-based weight assessment in fuzzy environment was developed using actual score measures of the picture fuzzy numbers. A novel extension of a developed multi criteria decision making algorithm known as the preference ranking on the basis of ideal-average distance method in fuzzy environment was applied to address a real-life complex decision making problem in social science research. A comparative analysis of supply chain performances of leading healthcare organizations in India with three MCDM frameworks was reported. Uncertainty analysis was conducted using an integrated fuzzy lambda–tau and fuzzy multi criteria decision making method. The integrated Fermatean fuzzy information-based decision-making method was introduced based on the removal effects of criteria and the additive ratio assessment methods, and applied it to a food waste treatment technology selection problem.
A triangular intuitionistic fuzzy linear programming model was proposed for planning of sustainable production system in Baluchistan, Pakistan. A fuzzy multi-criteria group decision-making model was investigated for watershed ecological risk management. A fuzzy-TOPSIS-world open account -based model was developed to identify the impacts of parameters influencing the water quality failure potential. A scenario-based fuzzy interval programming approach was developed for planning agricultural water, energy, food, and crop area management. Game theory was applied for solving decision making problems. The method was applied to construction site selection, and demonstrated that game theory can be applied for supporting decision in a competitive environment. SWOT analysis can be improved by combining it with MCDM. The Analytic Hierarchy Process and the Analytical Network Process analysis have been combined with SWOT analysis. Multiple criteria group decision making applied for prioritizing SWOT factors. Despite numerous studies on sustainable water management by researchers and research on sustainability principles, sustainable agricultural water management at the local level and scale has received less attention. Studies by the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development on water sustainability indicators show that analysis at the local level and scale is necessary to demonstrate the effectiveness of the principles of water sustainability. The analysis of large-scale water resource systems involving multiple components, resources, stakeholders, reservoirs, small irrigation reservoirs, and water transfer schemes is a complex process. This work develops and applies a conceptual framework for sustainable agricultural water use and supply by applying regional management alternatives at multiple spatial scales. The framework is applied to a large scale water resources system considering social,plastic plants pots economic and environmental factors. The framework applies conceptual and analytical methods to sustainable agricultural water management relying on strategic planning and regional multi-criteria decision-making. Previous works have evaluated the sustainability of water resources from different perspectives and methods. This study is novel in its introduction of a framework that measures the sustainability of large-scale agricultural water systems relying on regional management plans.The type of available water resources , the crop pattern and quality of soil and water sources vary throughout the study area. Therefore, a database of water-use statistics was prepared to estimate the water use by agricultural lands within the Sefdroud irrigation and drainage network. The water use in the agricultural lands is a function of various factors such as the type of water resources, the method of water conveyance and distribution, the irrigation method, the type of crop products, climatic conditions, soil type, management practice, and others. Therefore, estimating the amount of water use in the agricultural areas in the study area is beset by complexity . The inputs to the agricultural water use model are the cultivated area and crop pattern of irrigated lands, the crop water requirements, the irrigation efficiencies and the surface and ground water withdrawal data. The agricultural water use analytical model calculates water use in each irrigation unit by comparing the water requirements of the crop pattern with the water withdrawals of surface water and groundwater. The outputs from this model are actual water use, the contributions of surface and groundwater to water use and the volumes of return flow.
The details of agricultural water use from different water sources within the irrigated units of the Sefdroud irrigation network are depicted in Fig. 4 and listed in Table 1 for three irrigation management zones. It can be seen in Table 1 that the cultivated area of paddy fields in the Sefdroud irrigation and drainage network has been estimated at about 179,181 hectares. The total annual water use of cultivated area in Sefdroud irrigation and drainage network is about 1.8 billion cubic meters, of which about 1707 million cubic meters are surface water and 90 million cubic meters are groundwater. Of the total volume of surface water use about 1.4 billion cubic meters are from the Sefdroud dam and related canals, 260 million cubic meters from local rivers and farm wastewater, and about 47 million cubic meters from small irrigation reservoirs. The average volume of water use in the 191,141 hectares of irrigated lands of the Sefdroud irrigation and drainage network equals 9404 cubic meters per hectare.The management alternatives to improve the agricultural water demand and supply management in the irrigation management zones in the study area were determined to be: Development/Rehabilitation of the Sefdroud irrigation network; Improve the management of operation and maintenance of the Sefdroud irrigation network; Wastewater management, and Inter-basin water transfer within the Sefdroud irrigation network system . The spatial distribution of the management alternatives within the Sefdroud irrigation and drainage network were defined according to the management alternatives for agricultural water demand and supply management, and are shown in Figs. 5, 6, 7 and 8. Under current conditions the management alternative of development/rehabilitation of the Sefdroud irrigation network’s infrastructure has not been fully implemented. Accordingly, completion and implementation of the main irrigation and drainage network in about 90,000 hectares represents one of the most important priorities in the Sefdroud irrigation network. Carrying out this management alternative would raise the irrigation efficiencies of the Sefdroud irrigation network. Furthermore, in spite of the implementation of the main irrigation and drainage network in 10 irrigation units of the Sefdroud irrigation network, the rehabilitation of the irrigation network in 102,000 hectares is imperative to achieve operational effectiveness. Figure 5 displays the spatial distribution of development and rehabilitation lands in Sefdroud irrigation network. One of the effective management alternatives for maximum use of internal water resources in the study area is using the natural potential of small irrigation reservoirs existing in the Sefdroud irrigation and drainage network. The spatial distribution of small irrigation reservoirs is depicted in Fig. 6. It is seen in Fig. 6 that the total number of small irrigation reservoirs in the study area for agricultural water supply is equal to 527, and the total area of the small irrigation reservoirs is 4935 hectares. The total volume of stored water in small irrigation reservoirs is estimated at 197 million cubic meters under the rehabilitation and improvement conditions.The alternatives and criteria for decision making are determined and a hierarchical structure is formed. The hierarchical structure has a first level consisting of goals to be achieved, the second level consists of the decision criteria, and the third level consists of the management alternatives. The weights of the criteria are determined by the hierarchical analysis method once the hierarchical structure is defined, which involves constructing a pairwise comparison matrix to determine the weights. The comparison matrix’s values are determined using Saaty’s table, and the weights of the criteria are calculated based on the geometric mean values. The next step applies the fuzzy TOPSIS algorithm to evaluate the management alternatives in each of the irrigation management zones of the Sefdroud irrigation and drainage network. Lastly, the management alternatives are prioritized. The fuzzy TOPSIS calculates the CCj indexes of the management alternatives, such that the alternatives’ rank or desirability increases with increasing value of the CCj index. The CCj index is a dimensionless metric in the range [0,1] that measures the closeness of a management alternative to an ideal management alternative or solution.The first line of argumentation suggests that demography is destiny, and expects farmer influence to decline over time along with the sector’s share of the population .