We anticipate that these three projects can be sustained in the future without additional funding if the scale of the projects remains at the current level. However, if the scale increases, it will be necessary to consider ways to increase funding. Blue carbon ecosystems have been shown to mitigate climate change. However, we should not limit ourselves to these ecosystems when considering ways to mitigate climate change and provide other co-benefits. The scope of blue carbon offset schemes should be broadened to include other ecosystems that can also play important roles in climate change mitigation. For example, tidal mudflats can be viewed as a type of intertidal blue carbon ecosystem . Although they lack large vegetation, their microphytobenthos can absorb atmospheric CO2 and their soils can store the captured carbon. Moreover, similar coastal ecosystems and carbon storage mechanisms can be found in microbial mat systems and coastal sabk has in arid regions. Among potential blue carbon ecosystems, the macroalgal beds and macroalgae aquaculture areas discussed in this study are gaining recognition . However, to the best of our knowledge, worldwide only these three Japanese sites discussed here have been implemented. Although estimates are few and extremely uncertain, macroalgal beds in SCEs may be the largest contributor to the net CO2 uptake rate. Although this study focused on the specific ecosystem service of climate regulation, SCEs provide various ecosystem services, and thus, represent natural capital. Managing this natural capital is vital to take advantage of co-benefits such as food provision, recreation, environmental purification, health, and employment creation,ebb flow tray in addition to contributing to food security, ecosystem integrity, and biodiversity.
However, highlighting climate change countermeasures, in which society is becoming increasingly interested, can help in initiating or accelerating the conservation and restoration of SCEs. Ensuring that the effectiveness and importance of SCEs are widely perceived and understood by various coastal stakeholders, researchers, engineers, and economists is of primary importance when quantifying SCE functions and monetization and ideally crediting the full range of the provided benefits. While considering the cost-effectiveness of SCEs, it is preferable to first quantify all of their functions and consider the trade-offs among them, and then to monetize them according to the results they produce. This method is preferable to basing the monetization of SCEs’ benefits on willingness-to-pay, as determined by questionnaire surveys. The direct evaluation of multi-functionality supported by numerical evidence is more likely to satisfy coastal stakeholders and to help secure public financing or attract funds from private companies and investors. Although the quantitative social impact of blue carbon offset credits is currently minimal, given the potential of blue carbon for mitigating climate change, expanding the volume and enhancing the social impact of credit trading are important. Some future challenges to be addressed are as follows. First, the motivation of both credit creators and buyers needs to be improved. For example, the Japanese government has set a goal to account for blue carbon in the national inventory by 2024. Making blue carbon offset credit schemes contribute directly to such a national indicator can be expected to improve the motivation of credit creators. In addition, for credit buyers, being able to reflect the blue carbon credits they offset in the nationally determined contributions of the Paris Agreement will enable them to contribute directly to the international community’s goals.
Furthermore, it will motivate them to contribute to their own corporate social responsibility as well as other ESG indicators. Second, it is necessary to enhance offset credit transaction products to generate interest from more participants. One idea to increase the number of participants is to present an array of trading products by assessing the economic value of co-benefits and allowing them to be traded together with carbon. Consequently, credit creators can expect to increase their sales proceeds by increasing both the unit price and the transaction volume. In turn, credit buyers will be motivated by the ability to choose trading products that better fit their goals and branding messages. Third, increasing the number of demonstration projects and accumulating good practices will contribute to raising awareness and interest in blue carbon offsetting. In turn, this can further motivate participants. Finally, we should not forget the role of the credit secretariat, which mediates transactions. Currently, because the amount of blue carbon credits traded worldwide is low, it is difficult to maintain the system in a stable and sustainable manner with the income from intermediary fees. Increasing the trading volume and the unit price by increasing the number of participants is thus important for the smooth operation of the secretariat. In addition, a system such as a validation and verification body, which is independent of the credit secretariat as established by JBE, is important to ensure the credibility of the system through enhanced validation and verification. This credibility is essential for increasing the number of participants in the credit system. The protection of biodiversity and ecosystems is an important and key task in maintaining nature conservation. By stabilizing agricultural conditions, it can contribute to the protection of ecosystems. The occurrence of zoofauna is significantly influenced by the structure of vegetation in connection with various agrotechnical interventions and inputs into the soil .
Sustainable agroeco systems must be biologically and ecologically balanced, technically manageable, economically efficient and socially acceptable. The aim should be to reach a compromise between environmental needs and economic efficiency.One of the main goals of sustainable agriculture is to reduce the risk of diseases and pests in crop systems, thus contributing to the protection of the environment. When applying agrochemicals in different types of farming , we must first understand the ecological processes taking place in these types of agroeco systems. Usually, the management of low input agroeco systems is more environmentally friendly and sustainable compared to classical conventional types.The structure of communities, with emphasis on the abundance and dominance of the Carabidae population within agroecosystems are influenced by many synergistically acting factors such as pedological and hydrological conditions, microclimatic conditions specific to each stand, agrotechnical measures, presence of diseases and pests. Knowledge of trends in the communities of Carabidae agroecosystems is essential for assessing their condition and understanding the processes taking place in nature and in a changing climate, which is manifested by frequent fluctuations in climatic events . Highly specialized agrocenoses are exposed to excessive pressure during the entire growing season, e.g. in the form of an increased number of pests. In addition to anthropogenic factors, Carabidae are one of the main groups that significantly contribute to their regulation. Therefore, their roles and function in environmental services cannot be underestimated . The dominance structure of the Carabidae communities clearly reflflects the conditions of the given habitat and their trophic structure changes depending on the state of the environment . Species of the Carabidae family act as effective bioindicators within agroecosystems, they are extremely adaptable, able to colonize almost all terrestrial habitats and geographical locations, with a stable taxonomy. They are useful organisms in agroecosystems due to their role as predators of cultivated plant pests, thereby reducing pest populations. An important role also belongs to the granivorous species that consume weed seeds, which can only be welcomed in agroecosystems.
From the functioning view of the agroecosystems, dominant species play an important role, the spectrum of prey and the degree of trophic specialization also depend on the individual seasons . In addition to the basic factors influencing agroecosystems, two important aspects are currently crucial. In the first place, there are negative anthropogenic factors acting on a local scale, whilst their effects are unpredictable. In addition, there is the phenomenon of global warming, the causes of which are related to human activities . Whether species can survive in agroecosystems depends on many integrating factors, most of the research focuses on the requirements of adult individuals, and on abiotic and biotic factors influencing their survival, larval research is problematic due to the practicality of the research . Agroecosystems include a myriad of species from the Carabidae family, which increase the biodiversity of agroecosystems with their presence, examples are presence of the abundant species Harpalus rufipes, Poecilus cupreus, Pterostichus melanarius, etc. They are so adapted to the anthropogenic influences that their occurrence in agroecosystems affected by human activity is highly dominant. Species richness and abundance of organisms increase with the intensity of habitat disturbances, but if the intensity exceeds certain limits, biodiversity decreases and leads to the overall imbalance of the community. Such disturbances are usually caused by management, which is a decisive factor influencing the populations present, including Carabidae . The aim of the presented study is to evaluate and compare the impact of ecological and integrated arable farming systems on the species composition, spatial structure and biodiversity of Carabidae populations, within selected cultivated crops. Prediction of the richness of Carabidae populations and homeostasis of agroecosystems was also evaluated. Monitored species indicate topical and trophic environmental conditions and serve as part of complex mechanisms.It was recorded during the period considered 7 801 adult carabids belonging to 26 different species were recorded. The number of species during individual years varied between the types of farming and cultivated crops from 11 to 15. The number of registered species tended to decrease, but increased for some species. The values of the total epigeic activity, their abundance and dominance of ground beetles captured at individual sites during this research are shown in Tables 1, 2, 3. Based on the abundance of the results presented in Tables 1, 2, 3 when comparing the implemented farming methods for the observed period for Carabidae biodiversity,flood and drain tray the results are in favor of the ecological type of farming , compared to the integrated type .
Triticum aestivum dominated in the assessment of the impact of the crop type , Pisum sativum , Medicago sativa . We found that the highest biodiversity of the monitored species was usually in crops with denser growth. In terms of management and based on the number, 2019 can be evaluated as the most suitable year. 3 610 individuals were obtained . In 2020, 3 156 individuals were obtained . The lowest abundance was recorded in the first year of the study, when 1 035 individuals were collected . According to our findings, the integrated management system has a positive effect on the number of dominant groups, especially Coleoptera. Their population varies in abundance and species representation depending on the type of vegetation and soil conditions. The impact of crop harvesting, the application of insecticides and herbicides in integrated farming has had a significant negative effect on biodiversity, but organic fertilizers have contributed to increasing their abundance. It can be stated that the identified epigeic groups represent a diversified component of soil fauna, with different adaptations to the soil environment and different sensitivity to stress. In both farming systems over a three-year period representatives of the Carabidae family had almost mirror occurrence, andspecies always recorded a higher dominance. None of the other species was as prominent as Harpalus rufipes. In relation to climatic factors and the year, its occurrence recorded a high level of significance. This macropterous, highly expansive species confirmed the suitability of the environmental conditions, which are suitable for moist to semi-moist, slightly shaded habitats of fields and meadows. Its presence in agrocenosis in relation to other species con- firmed insignificance. Based on our findings, the average dominance of Harpalus rufipes in organic farming was 70.88% and in integrated 75.70%. The open land species Brachinus crepitans was also dominant. Its dominant occurrence was limited to 2019 within the integrated management system and to 2020 in the ecological system and the integrated management . The impact of the year, temperature, precipitation and type of farming was not significant. Its occurrence is not affected by the presence of another species. It is a species characterized by a strong link to the environment. In 2020, Poecilus cupreus species also showed a dominance in ecological management , which together with Harpalus rufifipes act as evidence of adaptation to anthropogenic influences, as their occurrence is higher in agroecosystems affected by human activity, with potential to reduce the populations Limacidae and Agriolimacidae, both adults and their eggs, but also the elimination of an increasing number of aphids.