Month: May 2022

The deployment of weed competitive variety is not only ecofriendly but also a very cost effective  tool for integrated weed management. Considering the high vulnerability of aerobic rice to weeds, development of weed competitive aerobic rice variety has been suggested by many researchers .No work has so far been done to assess the ability of the huge pool of Bangladeshirice germplasms to wrestle weeds under aerobic soil conditions. In this backdrop, the present study was undertaken to study the variation in weed competitiveness among selected high yielding rice varieties and to recognize agronomic traits conferring weed competitiveness of rice grown under aerobic soil conditions.Maximum weed growth was observed in weed monoculture. In terms of weed rating BRRI dhan59, BRRIdhan67 and Binadhan-10 appeared as the most weeds suppressive since weed ratings against these variety were low. Weed growth was rated between 4 and 5 for BRRI dhan50, BRRI dhan58, BRRI hybrid dhan3, Binadhan-6 and Agrodhan-14,hydroponic fodder system and between 5 and 6 for BRRI dhan28, BRRI dhan29 and BRRI dhan47 indicating moderate weed suppressive .

Weed rating  in BRRI dhan55 and Binadhan-8 and highest weed rating > 7 in Binadhan-5signify poor competitiveness against weeds. Weed dry matter followed almost similar trend as visual weed rating. Mean weed pressure across variety was 37.83 g m−2 against 92.32 g m−2 recorded in weed monoculture, which denotes that on average, rice variety reduced weed pressure by about 59%. BRRI dhan59emerged as the most weed suppressive variety reducing weed pressure by 79%followed by BRRI dhan67 and Binadhan-10. Highest weed pressure of 62.8 g m−2 was found in Binadhan-5 which was 32%less than in weed monoculture. Other varieties were intermediate in suppressing weeds within the range of 41 to 79%. Maximum weed density of 197 m−2 was recorded in weed monoculture. The rice variety did not significantly differ with respect to weed density, which was within a narrow range from 69 to 114 m−2. The average weed density across variety was 94 m−2 which was 52%less compared to the weed monoculture. Relative chlorophyll content was not significantly influenced by variety .

Numerically, the highest chlorophyll content was observed in BRRI dhan55 and the lowest chlorophyll content was observed in BRRI dhan67 .Higher SPAD values indicate greener and healthier plants. Relative chlorophyll content was significantly affected by weeding regimes aeroponic tower garden system. In weed free condition higher chlorophyll value was found and in weedy treatment lower chlorophyll content  was found. Weed competition was severe in weedy condition and thus lowest chlorophyll was produced. On the other hand,in weed free treatment throughout the crop growth period, higher chlorophyll value was produced . SPAD value was higher in weed-free condition than in weedy condition. SPAD values were greatly reduced by weed interference and this was reflected in yield performance. The varieties from diverse genetic sources and origins demonstrated a broad range in phonological parameters . Growth duration of the varieties in this study ranged from 117 to 143 days.

Average growth duration was 134and 132 days in weed free and weedy condition, respectively. BRRI dhan28 and BRRI dhan55 took less than 100 days for flowering and near about 120 days for maturing in both conditions. BRRI dhan67, BRRI dhan47 and BRRI dhan58 commenced flowering between 100 and 105 DAS and consequently matured by125-130 days in weed free condition and matured 2-3 days early in weedy condition.BRRI dhan29 required the longest duration of more than 115 days to initiate flowering and matured after 140 days. The variety and weeding regime exhibited significant differences in plant height at most of the sampling dates, however, their interaction had no significant effect. At 15 DAS plant height ranged from 7.65 to 11.55cm. Here, highest plant height at 15 DAS was produced by BRRI dhan59, followed by Binadhan-10 and the lowest plant height was obtained from Binadhan-5 followed by Binadhan-8. At 30 DAS, plant height ranged from 13.05 to 18.55 cm. Here, BRRI dhan59 was the tallest variety and Binadnan-5 was the shortest one which was at par with BRRI dhan47, BRRI dhan55, Binadhan-8 and BRRI hybriddhan3. At 45 DAS, values are not significant.

Some organic materials have faster decomposition and mineralization rates that are comparable with the fast rate of nutrient release by mineral fertilizers. Such organic inputs can be associated with materials that have slow rate of nutrient release to produce an effective amendment that is comparable or better than mineral fertilizers. Apparently, Mucuna and Tithonia biomasses provided fast nutrient release that enabled better tomato performance than mineral fertilizer throughout the plants’ life cycle, leading togreater production. The higher tomato yields under combined organic biomass of Mucuna + Tithonia amendment that is comparable to the sole Tithonia biomass application supports our hypothesis of better performance with sustainable ISFM technologies comprising mainly a combination of different organic plant materials that advocates the use of mainly organic biomass in ISFM. Therefore, such fast nutrient release organic biomass materials can be integrated with other organic materials that release nutrients slowly, vertical hydroponic nft system so as to enable regular and enhanced nutrient supply during the entire crop cycle, leading to improved plant nutrition and greater crop yield.

About 65% of the total labor force is employed in the agriculture sector, which contributes about 32% of the continent’s gross domestic product . The sector has remained the backbone of Africa’s economic development for centuries without having taken on a real structural transformation. This lack of transformation perpetuates the characterization of Africa as a cheap and secure source of primary commodities required to feed the growing needs and changing demands of the traditionally established and newly emerging industrial super-economies. In line with both Abuja High Level Conference on Agribusiness and Agro industries and the Malabo Declarations, which respectively 1) urged the African Union AU member states not only to establish the requisite legal, regulatory and institutional frameworks to support agribusiness and agro-industry development, but also to put in place programs to accelerate the development of the value of strategic food commodities; and 2) committed to halving poverty by the year 2025 through inclusive agricultural growth and transformation.

As such the heads of state committed to ensure that the agricultural growth, to sustain annual agricultural GDP growth of at least 6%, to establish and/or strengthen inclusive public private partnerships for at least five priority agricultural commodity value chains with strong linkage to smallholder agriculture. It is with this background and within the Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme  new framework that the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa, nft hydroponic system in collaboration with the African Union Commission , the Food and Agriculture Organization, and Economic Community of West African States , has launched an initiative for the development of strategic commodities regional value chains in Africa. As no agricultural development initiative should look away from climate change issues, UNECA decided to analyse the Greenhouse Gas emission along the value chains, which is a factor most often overlooked. Shifting cultivation or slash-and-burn agriculture is a global agricultural practice that affects an estimated arable land area of 1500 million ha .

It is the traditional method of upland rice cultivation in most parts of West Africa and in the humid and sub-humid tropics. This is a practice where a piece of forest is cleared and burnt for cultivation for a period of two to three years without fertilizer input and then leaving the land under natural fallow vegetation for a much longer period, usually greater than fifteen years, to restore soil fertility .At the onset of the cropping phase, when vegetation is burnt, almost all biomass carbon which is a potential source of soil organic carbon is lost as well as a significant amount of nutrients such as nitrogen and sulphur contained in the biomass.During the cropping phase, inappropriate soil management practices could lead to accelerated depletion of soil organic matter and nutrients resulting in rapid depletion of soil fertility.During the fallow, the accumulation of biomass on the soil surface and its gradualde composition does not only release nutrients but provide an energy source for the soil microbial populations and improvement of soil aggregate stability and structure, bulk density, infiltration capacity, cation exchange capacity, and soil organic matter.

With multiple drivers of change, these dynamic dryland farming systems face rapid evolution of social, economic and biophysical features. The focus group discussion showed that recurrent drought and resource-based conflicts are the two most critical climate-induced shocks and stressors small-holders face in the study area.It is therefore imperative that small-holders pay most attention to respond to recurrent drought conditions perceived as indicators of recent climate change. The smallholders perceive the recurrent droughts as evidence of changes in local climatic conditions which are harming the performance of rainfed agriculture upon which their livelihood depends . This view is consistent with a parallel study by Debela et al. whereby survey participants identified decreasing rainfall often with extremes to be key feature of changing climate which negatively affected local livelihoods. The study employed farm household surveys,rolling benches focus group discussions, expert consultations and secondary data collation to obtain both quantitative and qualitative data.

The farm household survey employed a multi-stage sampling technique involving selection of five districts and twenty pastoral/agropastoral associations. Five districts were purposely selected from the ten districts of the Borana lowlands which represent diverse agro-climates and heterogeneous farming systems shaping adaptive responses. Within each district farm house-holds were stratified into pastoral and agropastoral production systems depending on the predominant production system leading to stratification into pastoral  and agropastoral  associations or villages. The strata are aligned with pastoral/agropastoral associations which are the lowest administrative units after district. From each production system or association , two associations were randomly selected whereby each stratum was again represented by an equal size of 24 randomly selected farm households. The sampling yielded a total sample size of 480 sampling units with households represented by their respective heads in the interview. The household interview was held using a semi-structured questionnaire pretested before the formal inter-view. The survey data, comprising farm and household attributes, was fed into, managed and analysed using an SPSS  program . Prior to the interviews, participants’ written consent was obtained and ethical consideration for human research was made.

In addition to the household survey, a total of twenty focus group discussions were held representing equally ten pastoral and agropastoral production systems. In each of these focus groups, 6 to 10 farming community members with significant farming experience in the area were randomly selected to take part in the open discussion using a checklist. The focus groups reviewed and reflected on major farming system constraints, ebb and flow bench adaptation options and barriers identified in the farm household survey. The data obtained through focus group discussions on insights and experiences about adaptation options and their characteristics, and barriers were then summarized and described qualitatively to complement the quantitative data obtained from household interviews.

In addition, informal expert consultations and discussions were made at zonal and district levels of agricultural development offices to get broader picture of agricultural adaptation in the study area. The data from consultations and supplement the data obtained from household survey and focus group discussions. In this study, we triangulate between qualitative and quantitative data obtained from different social research data collection methods—individual and household interviews, focus group discussions and expert consultations. Triangulating information from different data collection methods allows for the validation and explanation of options and barriers to adapt, and development of a typology of adaptation responses. The classification assumes that, in the extreme, these strategies are different in terms of their adaptation vision or goal, timing of adaptation in relation to a risk to manifest itself into a hazard , degree of collaboration among actors and its immediate impact on the adaptation unit.

The numerical inferiority of the hunter-gatherers stems directly from the higher reproductive capability of the farmers. Following the increase in the high-fitness populations of farmers, the need arose to find new farming lands that would provide the requirements of the growing community. Since agriculture itself violates the balance of its surroundings and in the long run causes a lack of ecological stability, farmers are time and time again forced to find new and better lands for their multiplying offspring. Thus, they spread to new territories and new frontiers. On these new frontiers they encounter neighbors, whom they must in fact expel. These neighbors are the hunter-gatherers. Then, the possible scenarios are that one of the two groups withdraws, or that the two groups intermix or that one adopts the other’s way of life. Again, grow bucket human history clearly describes the triumph of the agricultural societies.

These societies, with their larger population and more complex social organization, at best caused the hunter-gatherers to recede to more remote regions, and at worst led to their disappearance, whether by conquest and killing, or by their assimilation to agricultural practice, ultimately turning them into farmers as well. Occasionally, the conflict between these two ways of life did not necessarily culminate with a real clash and that the hunter gatherers adopted the agricultural way of life even before the farmers’ frontier had reached them. In other words, some hunter-gatherers adopted the concept of agriculture by way of hearsay only; doing so, in fact, in order to gain prestige among their own people. Prestige is a most significant factor in the behavior of human beings. It is most important in other animals as well, mainly with respect to the potential to attract mates and the ability to reproduce. Indeed, the relationship between acquiring prestige  and a male’s higher reproduction ability is noted also among hunter-gatherers, but is much stronger in agricultural societies.

The structure of the agricultural society is such that it enables certain individuals to amass property, to engage in commerce, to attain a better economic status than other individuals and, as a result, to gain prestige. The immediate result is that such individuals who achieve prestige have a better chance both of attracting mates  and as a result, of having more offspring. Commerce and the amassing of property are ancient component of human societies. These components in fact preceded agriculture by thousands of years , and thus they have a major role in the hunter-gatherer societies. It can be assumed that hunter-gatherers, dutch bucket for tomatoes when seeing both the prestige achieved by a handful of farmers and its sociological and biological consequences, could not resist the temptation of improved economics and status that agricultural life could offer. In other words, despite the many draw- backs of the agricultural way of life, it can ultimately lead to the amassing of property, wealth, prestige, and in turn to polygamy and to a greater number of offspring. All the above mentioned behavioral traits, beyond being rooted in culture, are highly valuable with respect to fitness. As such, they are naturally selected for in the evolutionary process, since the many progeny  also inherit those behavioral traits that motivate accumulating wealth and prestige and will in turn pass these behavioral traits on to their offspring as well.

Thus, the generation of abundant food  and gaining of prestige , offer those who possess either of them enhanced biological fitness; all the more so those who possess both. As mentioned before, another scenario of much quicker spreading of agriculture involves the scattering of the idea of agriculture’s benefits. Remote hunter-gatherers possibly adopted agricultural way of life even before the farmers’ frontier reached them, following reports about wealth, prestige, polygamy and multitudes of children. Such hunter-gatherers may have received the founder crops and agricultural-technological knowledge that they may have lacked, from the distant farmers them- selves through commerce or marital ties. However, it is most important to note that even before agriculture time, hunter-gatherers possessed extensive botanical and environmental knowledge. Hunter-gatherers have exercised vast varieties of mobility levels and different ways of subsistence, and different populations through- out the world manipulated their environment using irrigation, fire or weeding in order to obtain better yields of the wild plants in their environment. Hence, the crucial point was not the acquiring of the concepts of botanical and agro-ecological knowledge of agriculture, but rather the ideas of agriculture’s benefits.

Careful consideration the locations overall potential should be taken before a microalgae production plant is considered. To avoid selecting a site with conflicting land use, it was important to identify areas that were not previously developed or used for a more economically viable use. As the world’s population increases there will be a greater demand for biofuels but also an increased demand for land as food production. Food verses fuel is the dilemma regarding the risk of diverting farmland or crops for liquid biofuel production to the detriment of the food supply on a global scale .More recent GIS-based algal biofuel production facility site targeting includes estimates of production potential . This approach has been used widely in the US and other parts of the world with excellent results. The approach focused primarily on the physical characteristics of optimal locations including land-use/land-cover and slope, and climatic considerations such as insulation,flood and drain tray temperature,precipitation and evaporation .

Iran is a very historic country with a very deep culture that lies in the Middle East bordering Iraq, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Turkmenistan and Turkey. Iranians consist of several ethnic groups who have been living peacefully with each other since the beginning of the central government in Iran 550BC, Achaemenians. Iran has a rapid population growth and despite it having some of the largest gas and oils reserves in the world it is still trying to develop renewable energy sources. Iranian algae biofuel projects is being carries out by researchers iat Tarbiat Modaras University, Tehran and Shiraz University who succeeded in producing green fuel from algae .Lake Urmia is a salt lake in the North West in Iran which presents itself as an ideal location for a microalgae production plant with many advantages such as suitable water salinity, plenty of sunlight and warm temperatures. See Figure 3.A salt lake in Iran has given rise to a new species of algae for biofuel . Lake Urimia’s natural environment is very well suited to microalgae cultivation with algal blooms not being an uncommon occurrence on the region. The “Red Tide” is actually the result of an algal bloom,an event in which marine or fresh water algae accumulate rapidly in the water.

Australia is a very vast land with multiple locations in the North Western corner that could be considered as having the ideal conditions for microalgae biofuel production. Western Australia already hosts the largest commercial microalgae production plant in the world,nft hydroponic the Dunaliella salina plant producing the valuable carotenoid B-carotene from this algae . This plant is owned and operated by Badishece Anilan-& Sodafabrik  since 1989in the Hutt Lagoon Pilbara region of Western Australia for the production of natural food coloring, demonstrating the regions suitability for microalgae production. As shown in Figure 4Many other locations in the same region offer good potential for the cultivation of microalgae that can be utilized for other applications such as biofuel. Western Australia  specifically, has several key advantages for large-scale microalgae for biofuel cultivation including abundant sunshine, extensive land area unsuitable for agriculture, an abundant water source in the Indian Ocean, existing infrastructure in several potential locations, high local demand for fuel and stable political conditions . The USA has many locations that have been identified as potentially viable locations to grow microalgae for biofuel with particular focus on the states from the Pacific Ocean to the Gulf of Mexico.

The Salton Sea Lake in Southern California has good environmental, geographical and climatic conditions to suit microalgae cultivation. Over the years the Salton Sea featured in several generic engineering cost analysis, including one that developed cost estimates for a pilot-scale facility and full scale  microalgae fuels production on the shores of this lake . Salton Sea Lake is suffering from environmental damage as a result of local agriculture and therefore a microalgae cultivation plant could also offer advantages in assisting in water purification. This large , shallow, inland lake receives about 10,000 tons of nitrogen and phosphorous per year from agricultural drainage waters and other sources, resulting in massive algal blooms, fish kills and other negative environmental impacts. See Figure 5 . As part of this paper one of the three locations is to be selected for further study and analysis so that a design and operating cost model can be created. This model can be used as an indicator to determine the viability and problems that may arise in such a project. The selection criteria must take into account all of the influencing factors that may impact on the project helping to determine its chances of successful operation. The influencing factors are of a very broad nature with consideration given to, but not limited to climate, topography, environmental risks, local infrastructure and local political and economic issues.

However, because of the shortage of investment in public services and infrastructure, a set of social problems emerged,such as the medical treatment, housing problem, and the education problem of the poor population. The health conditions of the households were a barrier to the prevention of falling into “disease-poverty-disease” and breaking down intergenerational poverty caused by poor sanitation. At the same time, for families with housing problems, they need the transfer income to achieve poverty reduction because of a low level of asset possession. Thus, we need to improve the living and health conditions of poor households to complete poverty alleviation. The robust demand for quality products,mobile vertica farm the development of the market and supportive institutional frameworks are the driving forces for smart,sustainable European agriculture. This trend is expected to continue, as the growth in demand for organic products steadily outpaces the corresponding supply even during the current financial recession.

European organic farmland reached 7.6 million hectares  in 2008, which corresponds to 4.1% of the total utilized agricultural area and accounts for almost 190,000 active holdings in the sector. In Greece, the organic sector has experienced even more rapid growth, as organically cultivated area increased from 591 ha in 1993 to309,822 ha in 2010 . The structure of the 24,000 organic holdings primarily consists of arable crops , permanent crops  and permanent pasture . This portfolio depicts a significant change in the make-up of organic production since its early phase in the 1990s, when permanent crops were the main organic production category and organic olive trees , vineyards  and citrus fruits were dominant. Today, the diversification of organic crops has been increasing as crops with superior market prospects such as cereals , forages , and vegetables and fruits  have gradually been introduced .Recent data confirm that fruits and vegetables are the most important category of organic products that consumers purchase.The growing demand for organic fruits creates new opportunities for Greek farmerswho have opted for the production of organic cherries. Greek cherry producers have recently followed an export oriented policy to reach new markets and have gradually managed to build their commercial links and strengthen their presence in European markets.

This strategy is the outcome of a carefully designed and systematically implemented approach in the areas of standardisation, promotion and post-harvest physiology. These solutions were offered to producers who had adopted innovative farm practices, modernised their farms, and introduced new cherry varieties. The interest of Greek farmers in organic cherry production appears to be equally as strong as interest in conventional production despite the increased risk and uncertainty involved.Today, organic cherry production in Greece is limited and covers only 138 ha. The total area for cherry cultivationis 9700 ha, accounting for the production of approximately 42,000 tonnes of cherries in the last decade.The main cherry-producing areas are in Northern Greece and, more specifically, vertical farming rack in the region of Central Macedonia,where 77.9% of cherry orchards and 64.2% of total cherry production are located. In the last decade, the number of trees has shown an upward trend. The average production increased by 23% from 37,122 tonnes to 45,892 tonnes . An upward trend in the farm-gate price of cherries was the main driving factor behind the modernisation and restructuring of the sector. Consumers’ perceptions of the health-promoting properties of cherries   and the high convenience level of cherries  create favourable conditions for the further development of the sector.

These new varieties cover observed gaps during the picking period and produce higher-quality products with increased export potential. Moreover, agricultural cooperatives and producer organisations have applied advanced technological systems for post-harvest treatments that prevent quality loss, expand the timing of supply and ultimately maximise returns.This study explores whether the expansion of organic cherry production generates satisfactory economic results for farmers and whether it can thus be regarded as a promising alternative productive activity. Cherry farmers face significant yield and price risks, which, combined with the high initial cost of orchard establishment,provoke difficult investment decisions. This study applies the stochastic efficiency with respect to a function, introduced by Hardaker et al. , to account for the risk and uncertainty of such investments. Therefore,the evaluation of the farmers’ option of turning to organic cultivation, under risk and uncertainty, reveals the real dimensions of such an attempt and allows for policy suggestions that could facilitate farmers’ decisions.In addition, this study explores the consequences of the exclusion of the fruit sector from the Greek organic policy scheme on the economic outcomes of organic cherry producers. We thus perform a sensitivity analysis to investigate the economic outcomes of organic cherry production under various levels of subsidies. To explore the consequences of the financial crisis on the risky investment decisions, we also perform a sensitivity analysison changes in the net present value caused by increases in the discount rate level.

Operational risk of SMEs and farming households is one of the major risk clusters to be considered for RCBs with regard to assessing credit risk of their loan portfolio. Due to the nature of SMEs and lacking of data, SME failure rates are very often difficult to track properly. Two of the main reasons businesses suffer unexpected closures are identified as insufficient capitalisation and lack of planning.When RCBs consider a SME for a load, they promptly look at all the planning documents and financial models applicable to the firm. Usually, the bank requires three years of taxes, current proof of any income, a financial statement and, if the company is already operating, financials for the company for at least two years. As such, banks take into account only a snapshot of the firm’s current financial status and performance but do not consider the ability of the applicant to bring the loan to maturity, led grow lights which depends on a number of non-financial factors and future development of the economy.The age of the firm is also a factor to be considered as newly established firms are likely to be less stress in the earlier stage of the business development.

Hudson suggests that a newly formed company is most likely to have a “honeymoon eriod” before being at real risk of failure as it takes time to build up problems and for creditors to get organized into formal insolvency proceedings.His finding suggests that young companies form the majority of the liquidated companies and that a company needs at least nine years to be regarded as established. However, he also finds evidence that a newly formed company is most likely to have a “honeymoon period” of around two years.SMEs often rely heavily on trade finance from suppliers when bank finance is not available to them. Moreover, small companies extend trade credit to customers as a means of gaining and retaining customers. The use and extension of trade credit makes the business vulnerable to cash flow difficulties.A potentially powerful addition to operational risks is the occurrence of “event” data, such as evidence of a company defaulting on credit agreements and/or trade credit payments or variables representing operational risk, and regulatory compliance, such as whether the firm is late to file its financial statements.

CEOs who have personal affairs and family problems also considerably affect the normal operations of a business. Some of these “default events” are available from local government agencies and media. They should be used to adjust risk scores more frequently than is possible with annual accounting data.The number of court cases against the firm is also a key indicator of potential failures. For example, a county economic court judgment , which arises from a claim made to the court following the non-payment of unsecured debt can be a potential factor. The accumulation of CECJs and/or CECJs against companies that are already showing signs of financial distress is likely to be an effective predictor of insolvency. In the financial variables, our variable selection reflects the importance of working capital for the survival of SMEs firms and farming households. The literature on trade credit suggests that smaller firms both extend more credit to customers and take extended credit from suppliers when facing decline and financial stress.Trade credit forms a large proportion of a firm’s liabilities,strawberry gutter system especially for small firms.In the analysis model, the accounting-based variables are used as one cluster of principal components to predict which firms will become insolvent and go into bankruptcy procedures.

Return on Capital Employed  was widely used as an indicator of performance in large firms. Frecknall-Hughes et al. note that ROCE is a particularly poor indicator of performance in SMEs and may be defined in many different ways giving rise to widely differing values of ROCE. Working capital is one of the most important variables in this cluster.A number of variables reflect a firm’s working capital. The quick assets/current assets variable determines the extent to which current assets consist of liquid assets.The net cash/net worth variable measures net cash as a proportion of net worth.Other variables reflecting the working capital cycle are total liabilities/quick assets,trade debtors/total assets, trade creditors/trade debtors, trade creditors/totally abilities and inventories/working capital. Retained profit/total assets is a measure of the cumulative profitability of the firm, its leverage and the age of the company. Firms that are unable to accumulate profit from sales will have lower values of this variable. Short-term debt/net worth measures the changes in net worth and retained profit/total assets year on year. Financially distressed firms are more likely to have a declining and/or negative net worth.

Even considering the trend towards improvement in the naturalness performance,particularly, for the period 2001-2016, the Northern Region of Rio Grande do Sul continues under the influence of pressure factors related to the continuity of agricultural and non-agricultural anthropic land uses. This trend is supported by the predominance of areas with medium/low and low naturalness ,categorized by UI values between > 0.5 to 1.0. The predominance of agricultural anthropic areas reverting to landscapes with low naturalness is also reported in other studies. A cluster analysis between the land use area values, together with a naturalness levels, and the time period , identified two scenery of ecological sustainability for the Northern Region of Rio Grande doSul, over a 30-year period. One with a impaired ecological sustainability related to agricultural anthropic area values, related to higher naturalness UI values, hydroponic nft channel particularly, for 1986 and 1991; and another with anon-impaired ecological sustainability reveled by the increase of natural and aquatic areas, associated to lower naturalness UI values ,for 2001, 2011 and 2016.

The grouping related to the first scenario is due to the reduction of the agricultural anthropic areas in relation to the other years, while the second scenario  is related to the increase of natural vegetation and aquatic areas compared to previous periods.Compromising conditions represented by UI values  were related to the anthropic  areas, while non-compromising conditions to ecological sustainability represented by UI values  were related to aquatic and natural areas , mainly due to the largest patches of native vegetation in the region. That scenery supports the relevance of wetlands, water bodies and native vegetation to maintain the naturalness and ecological sustainability of the study area. The transition from agricultural anthropic to natural land use resulted in a gain in the stock of natural capital and an increase in naturalness, promoting the improvement of the ecological sustainability of the Northern Region of Rio Grande do Sul, over a 30-year period. Credit risk is a major risk faced by financial institutions as it takes up to 60.0% of risks that banks normally face. CRM has long been the focus of governments, regulatory authorities and financial institutions as most major banking problems have been either explicitly or indirectly caused by weaknesses in CRM.

However, Chinese financial institutions have been facing huge credit risk exposure reflected in the high level of bad loan.In China, rural commercial banks were originally derived from rural credit co-operatives that specifically work for rural population with low income.China’s RCBs were developed under the authorities’ initiatives to provide financial services support to rural areas and Sannong  related business.Sannong refers to agriculture, rural areas and peasants. China’s RCBs are different from the majority of rural credit cooperatives in other countries whose business operation focused only on agriculture,nft grow system rural areas and farmers. In the Chinese case, RCBs also serve SMEs as their key customers and provide them with lending service. There has been a significant increase in the number of RCBs in China since the beginning of this century and the number had reached85 up to the end of 2010. At the end of 2010, the total assets of Chinese RCBs registered RMB2.8 trillion, the total liabilities RMB2.6 trillion and the after-tax profit RMB27.99 billion. Chinese RCBs took a rising proportion in banking financial institutions from 1.15% in 2006 to 2.90% in 2010. At the end of 2010, the non-performing loan ratio of Chinese RCBs turned out to be 2.34% and the balance of bad loans amounted to RMB28.82 billion, an increase of RMB1.71 billion from the beginning of 2010.

RCBs became the sole category that featured the rising bad loan balance among various banks in China. RCBs are exposed to risks inherent to specific rural commercial banking business and in particular, Sannong-related loans and services, in addition to usual risks faced by financial institutions. For many RCBs, their business focus is to provide high-quality financial services to SMEs in rural and county areas and serve the needs of Sannong. Consequently, RCBs had generally presented relatively higher risks than large city commercial banks,partially because their primary source of income is interest income and their ability to generate fee and commission income is limited.At the moment, many RCBs adopt the traditional CRM approaches used by large commercial banks. It is questionable if these approaches would be effective in managing credit risks of RCBs that operate in a different business environment.

The so-called cententism refers to the village with a spiritual center, the villagers are close to this center,he stressed a subjective psychological state, with social character. In addition to the function of sacrifice, most of the monasteries in the village are responsible for the function of public activities, public places through activities to bring the villagers together, creating a human connection, to meet the spiritual needs of the villagers, enhance the villagers’ sense of belonging and embodies the cohesion and dedication of the village’s religious belief culture. The monastery bears the spiritual core and cultural function in the village, which provides space for the development of public activities, such as folk cultural performances with local characteristics, sacrifices and other activities, which enrich the spiritual and cultural life of the villagers. Religion Faith transforms from intangible to tangible through the organization of activities, which is also away of cultural heritage. Mosques have had an impact on the form of roads in the village of Datun, where roads should lead to mosques, 4x8ft rolling benches so that villagers can participate in religious activities.

The main road in the village is centered on a mosque or its square, spreading to the surrounding population, with a small radiographic road.Intersections exist in the form of T-shaped , in order to ensure that the villagers have a quiet living and sacrificial environment, the road is in a T-shaped shape, with the characteristics of communication and poor, conducive to reducing external interference, while the characteristics of winding twists and turns are conducive to weakening.The impact of the wind environment. In the layout of the building, the layout of the residential buildings presents a dense feature, the density of residential buildings around the temple is higher than the density of the other areas of the village, and the temple surrounding the residence and the temple will be separated, the temple will be surrounded by a piece of open space, If there is not enough space, a road may be left as a partition,mainly for the daily public gathering in the village to leave a space.In the building orientation, the buildings around the temple are generally the same as the orientation of the temple, while in other areas of the village, the orientation of the building is freer. In the metropolitan areas, trees can be advantageous in creating an environment that is highly systematic as they contribute to the large production of oxygen as well as the reduction of gaseous pollutants, hence improving the general air quality.

However, it is also important to note that, tree planting in the cities requires excellent planning which includes the execution of a well-planned and highly efficient tree management system by the local municipalities.Successful tree growth depends on the ability to manage such factors as pests, diseases, water, fertilizer requirements,flood and drain table etc. Even though the data stemming from the monitoring of tree management activities could only be tracke donce trees have been planted but there are some studies which have demonstrated that the data stemming would affected by the tree development. Nevertheless,this is not an overnight process and intensive sources with higher number of datasets are frequently difficult to find and access.Quantitative forecasting for weather element such as rainfall, humidity, temperature,and others is valuable in agricultural areas. This is because, factoring in the weather element in the tree-management system or planning could substantially drive down the operational costs associated to it. Better scheduling of activities pertaining to the management of trees planted can also be derived if weather forecast is being taken into consideration as an important part of the planning process. This, therefore, has demonstrated that there is a need to innovate the existing system as to incorporate the weather element due to Malaysia’s climatic conditions.

Weather forecast is not only crucial in the urban planning to mitigate the risks stemming from weather that include floods and landslides but also in the general management of trees at the local recreational facilities and parks. Weather forecasting is a challenging activity. The challenging nature of weather forecasting can be derived from the complex atmospheric processes that are usually not presented via a perfectly linear correlation. Comparing the traditional and numerical methods, ANN is found to be the best approach for the weather prediction. According to the research by  that compares linear and non-linear technique for rainfall prediction, ANN models are having higher correlations compared to the linear models, indicating better generalization capacity of the non-linear models in predicting by producing lower error and fitting better with the measured data.Weather forecasting can be done by leveraging on the Numerical Weather Model  a statistical and Machine Learning-based model.

Human activities especially in the land use pattern of the farming communities around the NGPs, as cattle grazers encroach on the game park pastures have resulted in an increased incidence of the HP . This risk is higher in the Western region, and as communities continue to move long distances in search of water and pastures in the long dry seasons which have been worsened by the climatic changes in the region, probably accounting for the higher observed DRR over that in the Central region.The current livestock policy  has yielded undesirable effects that have continued to undermine the development of the livestock industry . This has led to the proliferation of the HP burden due to the maintenance of chronic carriers within the communities. This would be due to the fact that most farmers find the services costly and would prefer not allowing the veterinarian to visit them  coupled with limited supervision of the veterinary drug industry by National Drug Authority ,blueberry grow pot which has led to the development of antibiotic and acaricide resistance in the farming communities which has been induced by the farmers.

The current dilemma facing the food animal drug use is probably due to the lack of appropriate guidance on proper drug usage, medication to use for a particular parasite, probably due to the poor Government policy in the livestock industry , as well as inadequate supervision of the drug industry  and ineffective extension service delivery as a result of shortage of professional human resource in these communities. This is further worsened by the poor attitude amongst farmers as they seldom rely on district veterinary laboratories  for a diagnosis,to gain a better knowledge on their individual herd challenges before treatment is instituted . This would probably also be due to the few veterinary laboratories in the countryside or the shortage of human resource to operate them at the local Government level, thus leading to the development of this trend in farming practices which have continued to favor the proliferation of HPs within Uganda despite all the various policies in place. This would be due to the seasonal variations as the tick population increases exponentially during the rainy season and logistic regression showed no significant association for the other months except for the Months of December/February . This would probably have been due to the vector epidemiological dynamics as the tick  challenge is highest in the rainy seasons, thus the observed increases in the HP challenge, and farmers are often vigilant to intervene and administer treatments.

In the dry season, most of the severely challenged animals died due to increased stress levels from water shortage,hydroponic bucket limited pastures and severe mineral deficiencies in addition to the suppressed immune system as a result of the chronic infections due to HP. Cattle were observed to come down with infection as the dry season intensified  and more livestock losses were registered from several farms. Statistical analysis showed there was no significant association between cattle that had been treated and those that had not been treated by the farmers in this study. This would probably be due to the fact that farmer treatments are often ineffective due to their failure to seek professional assistance and adherence to dosage regiments, as well as poor diagnosis of HP conditions with other differential infections  within the community as they seldom rely on laboratory diagnosis. The current Government policy regarding veterinary drug usage has contributed to the development of drug resistance in the cattle in several farms, which has led to the proliferation of HP in the rural communities especially. Farmer treatment efficacy on the individual HP was further analyzed and it was discovered infection rate was higher in treated than non-treated groups as shown in Table 8.

This observation was due to the fact that resistance had developed in the Ugandan cattle to the antibiotics that had overly been abused over the years . There was no association between age and the infection of the cattle with HP despite of the fact that majority of infected animals were adults,which would be due to the fact that adult cattle move great distances in search of pastures and the yearlings are kept nearby the farm thus less exposed to the risk of HP.The increasing HP burden is attributed to the farming practices, increased antibiotic and acaricide resistance as well as failure by farmers to adhere to the therapeutical regiment for effective treatment, and epidemiological pattern of the dominant ticks in the region  as well as the current government policy. The findings,together with those of previous studies, suggest that eradication of hemo-parasites is not feasible unless there areradical changes implemented, and that current practices are expensive and given the indigenous nature of the breeds, also epidemiologically unsound  .